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How to improve emotional intelligence: what the research says works

Emotional intelligence can be trained, but not by a weekend of tips. Here is what training studies found, exercises for each of the four skills with the evidence behind them, and a four-week plan you can start today.

In short: you can improve emotional intelligence with regular practice. Across 58 training studies, scores rose by a moderate amount, and in the studies that checked, the gains were still there six months to a year later. The methods with the best evidence are naming your feelings precisely, rethinking a situation instead of bottling up the feeling, and trying to see things from the other person's side. Start with your weakest skill and practise a few minutes a day for several weeks.

Quick quiz: myth or fact?3 quick statements

Adults can raise their emotional intelligence with training.

Bottling up a feeling is a good way to make it fade.

Reading fiction can make you a little better at reading people.

Can emotional intelligence be learned?

Yes: emotional intelligence can be learned to a moderate degree, and three reviews of the training research agree on that. The gains are real but not dramatic.

  • 58 studies: a 2019 meta-analysis found a moderate positive effect of training, whatever the study design. Effects were larger in published articles than in unpublished dissertations, so the published picture is a little rosier than reality. Results were similar for men and women, and for skill tests and questionnaires (Mattingly and Kraiger, 2019).
  • 24 studies of healthy adults: a second meta-analysis also found a moderate gain that held steady at follow-up. Its size depended on the EI model measured, which of the four skills, training length and whether the study was published (Hodzic and others, 2018).
  • 46 programmes: a systematic review found "some support" for EI programmes but warned that important limitations in most of the studies restrict how far the results can be generalised (Kotsou and others, 2019).

One caution: most free EQ tests are self-rating questionnaires, which overlap heavily with personality (van der Linden and others, 2017). After a course, people may rate themselves higher partly because they have learned the language, so the stronger studies also used skill tests or asked people who knew the participants.

What the best-known training studies did

These Belgian studies are often cited because they had control groups and long follow-ups. The first programme combined short talks, role play, discussion, reading and a daily diary of emotional experiences; the later ones added email follow-up between and after sessions.

StudyWho took partHow much trainingWhat changed
Nelis and others (2009)University students, a small pilot with a control group4 sessions of about 2.5 hours over 4 weeksBetter at identifying and managing emotions, still there 6 months later. Understanding emotions did not change.
Kotsou and others (2011)132 adults, randomly assigned15 hours in groups, then 4 weeks of email follow-upHigher emotional skills, better well-being and relationships, lower cortisol. Reports from people who knew them agreed, and the gains lasted at least a year.
Nelis and others (2011)Adults in two controlled studies18 hours, with email follow-upBetter emotion regulation and understanding, with knock-on gains in well-being, relationships and employability.

Sources: Nelis and others (2009), Kotsou and others (2011), Nelis and others (2011).

Start by finding your weakest skill

The fastest way to improve is to work on the skill that holds you back most, rather than on emotional intelligence in general. Researchers who use the ability model split emotional intelligence into four skills: perceiving emotions, using emotions to help thinking, understanding emotions and managing them. Most people are noticeably stronger at some than others. Our guide to IQ vs EQ explains the four skills with examples.

Our free EQ test scores each of the four skills separately and shows your blind spots: places where you rate yourself higher than your answers suggest, or lower. The signs of high and low emotional intelligence can also help you spot patterns in everyday behaviour. Because self-rated EQ is close to personality, the Big Five personality test can add context: someone high in neuroticism, for example, may want to start with managing emotions.

If perceiving is lowest

You often miss how people feel until they say it. Start with naming feelings and reading faces and voices.

If using is lowest

Your mood often works against the task. Start with matching your state to what you need to do.

If understanding is lowest

Feelings seem to come from nowhere. Start with tracing causes and expressive writing.

If managing is lowest

You react fast and regret it. Start with the pause, rethinking the situation and taking the other view.

If you know the self-awareness and self-regulation model

Many courses use Daniel Goleman's five components instead of the four skills: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skill. They come from his workplace model (Goleman, 1998) and cover a broader mix of skills and habits, but every exercise on this page fits one of them:

Exercises to perceive emotions more accurately

Perceiving emotions improves when you slow down and put a precise name on what you, and other people, are feeling. Naming a feeling is also the first step for every other skill, so these exercises are useful even if perceiving is already your strength.

Name the feeling (affect labelling)

Putting a feeling into words has measurable effects. In a brain-imaging study, labelling the emotion in a picture reduced the response of the amygdala, a region involved in alarm, compared with other ways of looking at the same picture (Lieberman and others, 2007). A later review describes labelling as a form of emotion regulation that works even though it doesn't feel like one (Torre and Lieberman, 2018).

How to do it
  1. Set three reminders a day. When one goes off, stop for 30 seconds.
  2. Notice your body first: jaw, shoulders, stomach, breathing.
  3. Name the feeling in one or two words, as precisely as you can ("irritated and rushed", not "fine").
  4. Rate it from 1 to 10 and note what was happening. Over a week, patterns appear.

Build a bigger feelings vocabulary (emotional granularity)

People differ in how finely they tell feelings apart, which psychologists call emotion differentiation or emotional granularity. Under stress, people who draw finer distinctions turn less often to harmful ways of coping, from heavy drinking to lashing out (Kashdan, Barrett and McKnight, 2015). Most of that evidence is correlational, so treat vocabulary training as promising rather than proven.

How to do it
  1. Make two columns, pleasant and unpleasant, and fill each with at least 15 feeling words (content, relieved, proud; uneasy, resentful, disappointed).
  2. When you name a feeling, ask whether a more exact word fits. "Angry" might really be "embarrassed" or "let down".

Read other people, then check

Guessing what others feel improves with feedback, which daily life rarely gives. This exercise creates some; it is common in training programmes but has little direct testing on its own.

How to do it
  1. Watch a few minutes of an interview or drama with the sound off. Write down what each person seems to feel.
  2. Watch it again with sound and see where you were wrong.
  3. In conversations, test a guess gently: "You seem a bit frustrated, is that right?" Accept the answer, even if it surprises you.

Exercises to use emotions to help your thinking

Using emotions well means noticing which mood suits a task and, where you can, choosing the task to fit the mood or the mood to fit the task. It is the least studied of the four skills.

  • Brainstorm when you feel upbeat. Across 102 effect sizes, positive moods led to more creativity than neutral ones, especially energetic moods such as happiness. Fear and anxiety went with less flexible thinking (Baas and others, 2008).
  • Call nerves "excitement". Before singing, public speaking and maths tests, people who told themselves "I am excited" felt more excited and performed better than those who tried to calm down (Brooks, 2014).
  • Save careful work for a steady state. For a week, note your mood next to each task and see which moods suited which work. Then plan hard emails and decisions for calmer moments.

Exercises to understand emotions

Understanding emotions means knowing what causes a feeling and how it is likely to change, and you build it by tracing feelings back to the situation that set them off. Of the four skills, this one is most closely linked to general reasoning (see how IQ and EQ are related), so deliberate thinking helps.

Trace the cause

Emotions follow from how we read a situation. In a classic study, feelings differed by how pleasant the situation was, how certain it was, and whether the person blamed themselves, someone else or circumstances (Smith and Ellsworth, 1985). Anger, for example, usually comes from feeling blocked unfairly by someone; guilt from blaming yourself.

How to do it
  1. Pick the strongest feeling of your day.
  2. Answer three questions: What did I want? What happened instead? Who or what do I think was responsible?
  3. Predict how the feeling will change if the situation changes ("if she apologises, the anger will probably turn into relief").

Expressive writing and journaling

Writing about thoughts and feelings on a personal topic has a small but consistent benefit. A meta-analysis of 146 randomised studies found an average effect of r = .075 (Frattaroli, 2006). That is modest, and the studies measured well-being and health, not EQ scores. A daily emotion diary was, however, part of the Belgian programmes in the table above.

How to do it
  1. On three or four days in one week, write for about 15 minutes without stopping.
  2. Write about something that is bothering you: what happened, what you felt and why it matters to you.
  3. On the last day, read it back and note anything you understand now that you didn't before.

Exercises to manage emotions

Managing emotions improves most when you change how you see a situation rather than trying to push the feeling down. This is the best-researched area, thanks to hundreds of experiments on emotion regulation.

Rethink the situation instead of bottling it up

A meta-analysis of 306 experiments compared strategies for changing feelings (Webb, Miles and Sheeran, 2012). Reinterpreting the situation that caused the feeling had a small to medium effect (d = 0.36), and taking another person's perspective had the largest (d = 0.45). Trying to suppress the feeling itself did almost nothing (d = −0.04). Hiding the expression on your face worked in the moment (d = 0.32), but people who habitually hide their feelings report more negative emotion and worse relationships than habitual reappraisers (Gross and John, 2003).

How to do it: pause, name, reframe
  1. Pause. When you feel a spike, take one slow breath before you speak or type.
  2. Name it. "I feel humiliated." This alone takes some heat out.
  3. Reframe. Find one other believable explanation: "He may not know I already sent it", or "This is one meeting, not my whole career".
  4. Take the other view. Ask how the situation looks from the other person's side, and what they might be worried about.

Mindfulness and meditation

Mindfulness and emotional intelligence go together: across studies, trait mindfulness correlated about .48 with emotional intelligence (Miao, Humphrey and Qian, 2018). That is a correlation, not proof of cause. In one randomised trial at a large company, an eight-week online mindfulness course raised self-rated emotional intelligence on every facet except empathy, but only 37 people took the course (Nadler and others, 2020). Worth trying, but the evidence that it raises tested EQ skills is still thin.

Ask for feedback

Asking others how you come across is in almost every list of tips, but it has rarely been tested on its own. To make it useful, ask a specific question ("When I disagree in meetings, how do I come across?"), ask more than one person, thank them, and don't argue with the answer.

Which methods have the best evidence?

The methods with the strongest evidence are structured training over several weeks, rethinking situations and taking the other person's view; mindfulness and feedback are popular but less tested.

MethodSkillWhat the research showsEvidence
Multi-session EI trainingAll fourModerate gains across 58 studies; smaller in unpublished onesWell tested
Rethinking the situation (reappraisal)ManagingSmall to medium effect in 306 lab experimentsWell tested
Taking the other person's viewUnderstanding, managingThe strongest single strategy in the same experimentsWell tested
Naming the feelingPerceiving, managingCalms the brain's alarm response in lab studiesGood lab evidence
Expressive writingUnderstandingSmall but consistent benefit in 146 randomised studiesSmall effect
A bigger feelings vocabularyPerceiving, understandingFiner distinctions go with better coping; few training trialsPromising
Mindfulness practiceManagingStrongly linked with EI; trials mostly use self-ratingsLimited
Asking for feedbackPerceiving yourselfSensible and common, but rarely tested on its ownWeakly tested
Suppressing the feelingManagingHiding the feeling inside did not reduce itWorks poorly

Lab experiments measure feelings in the moment, not EQ scores over months.

How to improve emotional intelligence in relationships

In a relationship, emotional intelligence grows when you practise the same skills with your partner: naming feelings during conflict, checking your guesses and responding warmly to good news. Higher emotional intelligence goes with greater relationship satisfaction for both partners (Malouff and others, 2014), and in the randomised Belgian trial, the quality of marital relationships improved after training (Kotsou and others, 2011).

  • Respond actively to good news. When a partner shares something good, an interested, enthusiastic reply ("That's brilliant, how did they tell you?") goes with more intimacy and daily satisfaction than a flat "nice" (Gable and others, 2004).
  • Name your own feeling, not their fault. "I felt dismissed when my idea was skipped" invites a conversation; "you never listen" invites a defence.
  • Take a break when flooded. Agree on a signal for "I need a short break", and come back to the topic once you are both calmer.
  • Check, don't assume. "Are you quiet because you're tired, or because of something I said?"

How to improve emotional intelligence at work and as a leader

At work, the same four skills apply; what changes is that you practise them under time pressure and with people you didn't choose. For the evidence on emotional intelligence and job performance, see emotional intelligence at work. Habits that suit the workplace:

  • Check in before key moments. Before a hard meeting, name your state and decide whether it fits what you need to do.
  • Ask, don't guess. Leaders often misread a quiet team. Ask "What's making this hard?" in one-to-ones.
  • Get ratings from others. For leaders, other people's view matters most: EI and inspiring leadership correlated .59 when one person supplied both ratings, against .12 when the ratings came from separate people (Harms and Credé, 2010). A 360-degree review is a better progress check than a self-rating.

For nurses and other health care staff, the training trials and what they found are summarised in our guide to emotional intelligence at work.

How to improve emotional intelligence as a student

Students improve emotional intelligence best through regular, structured practice in class, such as learning feeling words and discussing emotions in stories, rather than one-off talks. Two school studies give examples:

  • Feeling words: in 15 classrooms of fifth and sixth graders (273 students), classes that used the RULER feeling words curriculum for 30 weeks ended with higher grades and better teacher ratings of social and emotional skills than comparison classes. RULER stands for recognising, understanding, labelling, expressing and regulating emotions (Brackett and others, 2012).
  • Two-year programme: 590 teenagers at eight Spanish schools were randomly assigned to a two-year emotional intelligence programme or to a control group. Those in the programme reported less aggression, anger and hostility, and boys gained most in empathy (Castillo and others, 2013).

Activities students and teachers can use: emotion charades, discussing why a character in a book feels what they feel, a weekly feelings journal, and role-playing a disagreement from both sides. Emotional intelligence is also linked to better grades, though less strongly than intelligence (see IQ vs EQ).

How to build emotional intelligence in kids and teens

Children build emotional intelligence when adults name feelings with them, take their feelings seriously and help them solve the problem, and school programmes that teach these skills have good evidence.

  • School programmes: a meta-analysis of 213 school-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programmes with 270,034 pupils from kindergarten to high school found better social and emotional skills, behaviour and attitudes, and an 11-percentile-point gain in academic achievement (Durlak and others, 2011). A follow-up meta-analysis of 82 programmes found benefits still visible 6 months to 18 years later (Taylor and others, 2017).
  • Parents: in a trial with 216 parents of 4 and 5-year-olds, a six-session programme in "emotion coaching" led parents to name and discuss emotions more, and children's understanding of emotions improved, with fewer behaviour problems reported by parents and teachers (Havighurst and others, 2010).
Emotion coaching at home
  1. Notice the feeling, including small ones, before it becomes a meltdown.
  2. See it as a chance to connect, not a problem to stop.
  3. Name it for them: "You're disappointed the party was cancelled."
  4. Accept the feeling, even when you don't accept the behaviour.
  5. Then solve the problem together and set limits where needed.

With toddlers, name feelings in simple words and in picture books. With teens, ask more than you tell.

How long does it take to improve emotional intelligence?

In studies, measurable gains came after about 10 to 18 hours of training spread over four weeks or more, and they lasted at least six months to a year. Pausing before you reply can change within days; deeper habits take longer.

  • The small Belgian pilot used about 10 hours over 4 weeks; gains in identifying and managing emotions were still there after 6 months (Nelis and others, 2009).
  • The randomised trial used 15 hours plus 4 weeks of email reminders; benefits lasted at least a year (Kotsou and others, 2011).
  • Across 24 studies, training length was one of the factors that changed the size of the effect (Hodzic and others, 2018).

We found no study showing lasting change from a single workshop or video, so plan for at least a month of short daily practice.

A 4-week plan to improve your emotional intelligence

This plan follows the same order as the training studies: notice, understand, manage, then turn to other people, with about five minutes a day. It is our own plan built from the exercises above, not a tested programme.

WeekFocusEvery dayOnce that week
Week 1Notice and nameThree check-ins a day (morning, midday, evening): name what you feel with two precise words and rate it from unpleasant to pleasant.Write a list of 30 feeling words and keep it on your phone.
Week 2Find the causeFor the strongest feeling of the day, note what you wanted, what happened and who or what you think was responsible.Three short expressive writing sessions about something that is bothering you.
Week 3Change the responseWhen a feeling spikes: pause, name it, then find one other way to read the situation before you act.Pick one known trigger and write an "if this happens, I will..." plan.
Week 4Turn outwardCheck one guess about someone else's feelings ("You seem... is that right?") and answer one piece of good news with real interest.Ask two people for one thing you could do better, then retake the EQ test.

Take the EQ test before week 1 and again after week 4. Expect small changes.

Books, podcasts and courses on emotional intelligence

The most useful books are by researchers who explain both the skills and the evidence; read popular titles with their claims in mind. We earn nothing from any of these.

  • Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ (Bantam, 1995). The book that made the idea famous. Two of its claims have not held up. Goleman wrote that IQ contributes "at best" about 20 percent to life success, which was widely read as proof that EQ matters more; research finds IQ is the stronger predictor of school results, and both predict job performance (see IQ vs EQ). The book also leaned on the marshmallow test, but a 2018 replication found the link between waiting at age 4 and achievement at 15 was half the original size and shrank by two thirds after accounting for family background (Watts and others, 2018). The researchers who coined the term have also argued that broad popular definitions mix in unrelated traits such as optimism and self-esteem (Mayer, Salovey and Caruso, 2008).
  • Marc Brackett, Permission to Feel (Celadon Books, 2019). The director of the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence explains the RULER skills, with practical tools such as the Mood Meter. Publisher: Celadon Books.
  • John Gottman with Joan DeClaire, Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child (Simon & Schuster, 1997). The origin of the five emotion coaching steps above, from research with families. The Gottman Institute.
  • Lisa Feldman Barrett, How Emotions Are Made (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017). On how the brain builds emotions, and why a richer emotion vocabulary may help.
  • Travis Bradberry and Jean Greaves, Emotional Intelligence 2.0 (TalentSmart, 2009). A short, practical book with a self-rating test; our EQ tests compared guide covers that test.
  • Podcast: "Dr. Marc Brackett: How to Increase Your Emotional Intelligence", Huberman Lab, September 2024, on naming and regulating emotions.

Courses: we found no independent studies comparing specific online courses. The programmes that worked in research had several sessions, practice between sessions and some follow-up, so look for those features rather than a certificate.

When to get help

If strong emotions regularly feel unmanageable, harm your relationships or work, or you have thoughts of harming yourself, talk to a doctor or a qualified therapist rather than relying on self-help. These exercises build everyday skills; they are not a treatment for anxiety, depression or trauma. Talking therapies teach many of the same skills with a professional to guide you. In the UK, the NHS explains how to find talking therapies and counselling. If you are in immediate danger, call your local emergency number.

Frequently asked questions

Can emotional intelligence be taught to others?

Yes. Emotional skills are taught in schools through social and emotional learning programmes, and to adults in group courses. Teaching works best with practice between sessions rather than lectures alone.

Does journaling improve emotional intelligence?

Journaling may help, mainly with understanding your own emotions. Experiments on expressive writing show a small but consistent benefit, and a daily feelings log is part of several training programmes that raised emotional skills, but journaling alone has rarely been tested as an EI method.

Does meditation improve emotional intelligence?

Meditation may improve self-rated emotional intelligence, but the evidence is limited. Mindfulness and emotional intelligence are strongly linked in surveys, and one randomised trial of an online mindfulness course raised self-rated EI, but few trials have used skill tests.

Does therapy improve emotional intelligence?

Therapy is not designed to raise an EQ score, but many therapies teach emotion skills directly, such as noticing feelings, naming them and changing how you respond. If emotions feel hard to cope with, a therapist is a better route than self-help.

Can reading improve emotional intelligence?

Reading fiction may help a little. A meta-analysis of 14 experiments found a small gain in understanding others after reading fiction, although one large replication found no effect from reading a single short passage. Regular reading over years is the more likely route.

How can men improve emotional intelligence?

Men can use the same methods as anyone else: naming feelings precisely, rethinking situations and checking guesses about others. In the large meta-analysis of training studies, gains were similar for men and women.

Is it too late to improve emotional intelligence as an adult?

No. Many training studies were run with adults, and gains lasted six months to a year in the studies that checked. Emotional skills are not fixed by early adulthood.

What is the fastest way to improve emotional intelligence?

The quickest change is usually pausing to name a feeling before you react, which you can start today. Lasting gains in studies came from about 10 to 18 hours of practice spread over several weeks.

How can I help someone else improve their emotional intelligence?

You can help by modelling the skills, naming feelings out loud and asking how the other person sees a situation. You can't make an adult change, so suggest a test or a course, and leave the choice to them.

How do I know if my emotional intelligence is improving?

Look for changes other people notice, such as fewer heated arguments or faster repairs after them. You can also retake an emotional intelligence test after a month or two, keeping in mind that self-rated scores can rise simply because you have learned the vocabulary.

Sources

This guide is for general information and self-understanding. It is not medical or psychological advice. Assessivo's tests give estimates; they are not clinical assessments or hiring tools.

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