What does a 71 IQ mean?
A 71 IQ means a score higher than about 2.7% of people, roughly 1 in 38 at or below. It is just above 70, in the range traditionally called borderline and now called "very low" on the children's Wechsler test. Researchers describe people in roughly this range, about 70 to 85, as having borderline intellectual functioning.
71 on the IQ bell curve
An IQ of 71 is 29 points below the average of 100, or 1.93 standard deviations. About 2.7% of people of the same age score lower, the shaded sliver at the far left of the curve below.
On a test with a standard deviation of 16, such as older Stanford-Binet editions, the same result would be about 69, and on the Cattell scale, which uses 24, about 54. Why scales differ.
Reading an IQ of 71
Borderline intellectual functioning is not a diagnosis of intellectual disability. It describes people whose reasoning scores are below average but above the disability range, and who usually live independently. A 2014 systematic review of 49 studies found that people in this group face more neurocognitive, social and mental health difficulties than average, and concluded that the group is "almost invisible" in research and services.
That invisibility is the practical problem. People at 71 often don't qualify for disability support, yet may find fast-paced schooling, complex paperwork or jobs with lots of new procedures hard going. Clear instructions, extra time and practical, hands-on learning tend to help, and they cost very little.
How an IQ of 71 is classified
Different tests and manuals use different words for the same score, and the words have changed over time. Here is where 71 falls on each of the systems you are most likely to meet.
Sources: American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 fact sheet on intellectual disability; World Health Organization, ICD-11, 6A00 disorders of intellectual development; Peltopuro, M. and others (2014), "Borderline intellectual functioning: a systematic literature review", Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52(6), 419–443. WISC-V descriptors from Pearson's interpretive reports, as on our good IQ score guide.
When is 71 part of an intellectual disability?
A score of 71 on its own never makes a diagnosis. The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 describes intellectual disability as "approximately two standard deviations or more below the population, which equals an IQ score of about 70 or below", and requires three things together:
- Low intellectual functioning, confirmed by a clinical assessment and individually given, standardised testing.
- Difficulties with everyday adaptive skills in at least one of three domains: conceptual (language, reading, maths, memory), social (communication, judgement, friendships) and practical (personal care, money, work and school tasks).
- A start during the developmental period, in childhood or adolescence.
Severity is set by those everyday skills, not by the IQ number. That is why only about 1% of people have an intellectual disability (a 2011 meta-analysis of 52 population studies found about 10 per 1,000), even though about 2.3% score below 70 on the bell curve. Because tests have a margin of error, DSM-5 treats roughly 65 to 75 as the uncertain zone around 70, and 71 is inside it.
Sources: American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 fact sheet on intellectual disability; Maulik, P. K. and others (2011), "Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies", Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 419–436; Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. 701 (2014), which cites the DSM-5 range of 65 to 75.
Borderline intellectual functioning and an IQ of 71
Scores from roughly 70 to 85 are often described as borderline intellectual functioning. It is not a diagnosis of intellectual disability: most people in this range live independently, work and raise families. But a 2014 systematic review of 49 studies found that the group faces more neurocognitive, social and mental health difficulties than average, and called it "almost invisible" in research and services.
On a perfect bell curve, about 13.6% of people score between 70 and 85, so this is far from rare. People in the range often learn best with clear, concrete instructions, worked examples and extra time for new or written tasks, and often do well in practical, hands-on work.
Source: Peltopuro, M. and others (2014), "Borderline intellectual functioning: a systematic literature review", Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52(6), 419–443.
Why scores near 70 matter in US courts
In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the US Supreme Court ruled that executing a person with an intellectual disability is unconstitutional, and left states to decide who qualifies. In Hall v. Florida (2014) it struck down a rule that treated 70 as a strict cut-off, because every test has a margin of error. In Moore v. Texas (2017) it said courts must be guided by current medical standards rather than "lay stereotypes".
The practical lesson is the same outside a courtroom: a score of 71 is best read as a range, about 66 to 76, and judged alongside how a person actually manages daily life.
Sources: Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002); Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. 701 (2014); Moore v. Texas, 581 U.S. 1 (2017).
Before you trust a 71
Low scores are the most fragile results on any test, because almost everything that goes wrong on the day pulls a score down. Common reasons include:
- Running out of time. On timed tests, including ours, an unanswered question counts as wrong.
- Nerves. A review of 238 studies found test anxiety consistently linked with lower scores.
- Tiredness. Sleep loss hits attention and speed hardest, which costs points against the clock.
- Language and format. Taking a test in a second language, on a small screen or in an unfamiliar format can lower a result without saying anything about reasoning.
What a 71 means on our test
The Assessivo test moves in steps of about 2.5 points, so it can't give exactly 71: the nearest results are 70 (6 correct) and 73 (7 correct). Every question has four options, so someone guessing every answer at random averages nine correct, a score of 78. Random guessing falls this low about once in 6 attempts, so it can happen by bad luck, but it more often means many questions were skipped or rushed.
If any of this sounds like your session, retake the free IQ test when you are rested and have 25 quiet minutes. A score that moves a lot between attempts was never very solid.
Sources: von der Embse, N. and others (2018), "Test anxiety effects, predictors, and correlates: a 30-year meta-analytic review", Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 483–493; Lim, J. and Dinges, D. F. (2010), "A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables", Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 375–389. Guessing figures are worked out from the binomial distribution for 36 four-option questions.
What is the mental age for an IQ of 71?
The first IQ tests, for children, described performance as a "mental age": the age whose typical performance a child matched. IQ was mental age divided by real age, times 100. Run that old formula backwards and you get the figures below, for children only.
| Child's age | Performs like a typical child of about |
|---|---|
| 6 | 4 years 3 months |
| 8 | 5 years 8 months |
| 10 | 7 years 1 month |
| 12 | 8 years 6 months |
| 14 | 9 years 11 months |
For adults the idea doesn't work, which is why David Wechsler replaced it in 1939 with today's method: compare each person with others of the same age. An adult who scores 71 has an adult's knowledge, interests and experience. The score only says how their test performance compares with other adults'.
How common is an IQ of 71?
Line up 100 people of the same age and about 3 would score 71 or lower; the orange dot marks the place. In a school of 1,000 pupils, you would expect about 27 at or below this level.
The bar shows the likely range on a professional test, about five points either way: 66 to 76, from the 1st to the 5th percentile.
How 71 compares with nearby scores
| IQ | Percentile | Classic label | Score this low or lower |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61 | 0.47th | Extremely low | 1 in 215 |
| 66 | 1st | Extremely low | 1 in 85 |
| 71 | 3rd | Borderline | 1 in 38 |
| 76 | 5th | Borderline | 1 in 18 |
| 81 | 10th | Low average | 1 in 10 |
Questions about an IQ of 71
What percentile is an IQ of 71?
An IQ of 71 is at about the 3rd percentile: it is higher than about 2.7% of people of the same age, and roughly 1 person in 38 scores this low or lower.
Is 71 a low IQ?
Yes. 71 is 29 points, or 1.93 standard deviations, below the average of 100. On the classic Wechsler labels it is borderline, and the current children's Wechsler test calls it very low. A single score is an estimate with a margin of error of about five points, so 71 is best read as roughly 66 to 76.
Is 71 IQ an intellectual disability?
Not on its own. 71 is just above 70, inside the margin of error that clinicians allow around it, so a diagnosis would depend on whether there are significant difficulties with everyday skills that began in childhood.
What is the mental age for an IQ of 71?
Mental age is an idea from the earliest tests for children. By the old formula, a 10-year-old scoring 71 would perform like a typical child of about 7 years 1 month. For adults it has no meaning: modern IQ tests compare adults with other adults, and an adult who scores 71 is not like a child.
What is borderline intellectual functioning?
It is a research and clinical term for people whose IQ is roughly 70 to 85: below average but above the intellectual disability range. It is not itself a disability, but a 2014 review of 49 studies found that people in this range face more difficulties with learning, social life and mental health, and often receive little support.
Related: the IQ range chart, what counts as an average IQ, what IQ measures and misses and how to tell if an online IQ test is accurate.
An IQ test arrives at a score like 71 by combining several kinds of task. Learn more about abstract reasoning, spatial reasoning, verbal reasoning, processing speed and fluid vs crystallized intelligence, or try the free pattern recognition test.
Information and support
If a professional assessment has given you, your child or someone you care for a score like 71, these organisations explain what it means in practice and what help is available.
Want a second reading?
Take the free Assessivo IQ test when you are rested and have 25 quiet minutes: 36 questions, and your estimated score and percentile as soon as you finish.
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